Higher Education And High School - 869 Words

The cost of not going to college has risen. High school seniors who have the opportunity to get a higher education should take it and make the best out of it. Going to college to receive this higher education has numerous rewarding consequences in the long run. For instance, college can bring new experiences to people. Some people, grow up with a family were hardly anyone has a higher education than high school. Another new experience is moving away from parents and living on your own. Lastly, it gives people a chance to socialize. Also some families, including mine, don’t have many people who never graduated high school or never made it past high school. For these families going to college can start a new tradition for them. Moving away from home for the first time is such a new experience. After living with a guardian for all your life, moving out on your own is so new but also exciting. Living without a guardian means you will be doing everything for yourself. Now that I have moved out of my mother’s house, I now do everything for myself: shopping -- food, clothes, and any other necessities – making my own appointments, washing and folding my own clothes, and etc. You no longer have to get permission to do anything, you can just walk out and do whatever you want, whenever you want. Also, you get to make the rules that your parents have to follow, because they now are under your roof. Going to college gives people a chance to be more social. Therefore, you areShow MoreRelatedEducation Is An Important Foundation For People All Around The World1525 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Education has become such an important foundation for people all around the world. Education differs from country to country. Education is very unique, education in the United States is not the same as it is in China. How can one explore their differences? Well, one can explore the importance of education, the education systems, higher education and the financial costs of education in both the United States and China. Importance of Education People all around the world attend school. Most countriesRead MoreCareer Path Of Higher Education888 Words   |  4 Pagesyear high school graduates are required to ask themselves if they want to pursue a higher education. They have to make a decision that will, more than likely, change their future. The teenager will have a few major factors in this decision. The first is, what career do they want to pursue? A necessary education for the selected career path of interest is the key. If the student decides they want to follow the trail of higher education, they will need the money or will take out loans. A higher educationRead MoreComparison Between American And Chinese Higher Education1624 Words   |  7 PagesComparison between American and Chinese Higher Education in the 21th Century Abstract: Higher education plays an important role in the development of a country.However,different countries have different system of higher education.We will research the commons and differences of higher education between China and America.It not only puts forward the differences of the higher education system between China and America,but also analyze the social environment,schools and teachers resources and attitudeRead MoreElementary School And High School1688 Words   |  7 Pagesregarding their occupation, education can be considered to follow this same description. There are educational institutions everywhere, one elementary school usually in one part of a neighborhood in your hometown. As these schools grown in number and increase in grade level however, less become established and there tend to be a smaller amount of high schools within a city compared to elementary or middle. This means that for every 4 or 5 neighborhoods there is 1 high school that is responsible for acceptingR ead MoreThe Impact Of The Industrial Revolution On Higher Education786 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected our country, education and the financial stability of the era. The beginning of the industrial revolution had a significant impact on higher education. By 1920, the United States was a leader in industry, immigration was at an all-time high and the number of public schools numbered over 12,000.(Lazerson 64 - 76 ) This resulted in an increase in the need for teachers to be trained and educated through higher education. High school was standing alone as a segment of education and still had itsRead MoreUniversity Education Should Be Free For Students With 3.0 Grade Point Average Or Higher998 Words   |  4 Pagesfor a university education and lately a university education is getting more and more expensive each year. There are many students who graduate high school but don’t receive a university education because they can’t afford one. Most of those students are reall y smart and can go somewhere in life, but they end up working for a minimum wage because a university education is just too much for them. For that reason, a university education should be free for all students who graduate high with a 3.0 gradeRead MoreThe Education Of The United States Essay1465 Words   |  6 Pagesover fifteen percent of our population, Hispanics are a major part of our society and yet their education rates are the lowest of any group in America. Many Hispanic middle school and high school students come from families with no college degree. Having no college experience forces many families to be reluctant about sending their child off to college once high school is finished. In view of this, schools should offer more college prep programs. Not simply A.P. classes, but courses that target HispanicRead MoreEquilibrium And Education : The Modern Day American Society1582 Words   |  7 PagesEquilibrium in Education Throughout American history, there has been waves of different economic standpoints. From the thriving economy in the early 1900s, to the infamous downfall of the stock market that lead to the Great Depression in the 1930s. America has always faced different obstacles that has shaped the modern day American society. Poverty levels have increased rapidly which sparked interest in some organizations to create a campaign called â€Å"Do Something†, which advocates improving AmericanRead MoreThe Cost of Tuition Among Colleges and Universities in Highly Diversified and Indefinite926 Words   |  4 Pagesthe high tuition cost for their education because it creates unnecessary stress and financial problems. The student’s primary concern should be their academic performance and learning. The tuition fee includes extracurricular expenses such as lifestyle amenities that may not be essential toward the student education yet they are still being charged for it. Universities and c olleges are lacking a stable and regulated tuition system to provide a better education for a reasonable price. The high tuitionRead MoreAchieving A Successful Teenage Mothers1229 Words   |  5 PagesSuccessful Teenage Mothers Mothers Who Graduate High School Adolescent mothers who graduated high school had significant amount of support from an adult whom they confided in. This adult supported them through pregnancy, the transition to motherhood, and in an academic setting. The adult could be a parent, a friend, a counselor, or a teacher. The support they received from the adult would allow for them to finish high school and get a high school degree. Thus, adolescent mothers would pursue their

Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus Free Essays

Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus the seemingly ambiguous concept of equality. It contains a discussion of how equality is realized in law, public policy, and society in general. Furthermore, the discussion focuses on the three different conceptualizations of equality. We will write a custom essay sample on Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus or any similar topic only for you Order Now These are equality under the law, equality of opportunity, and equality of material well-being. The main argument of this chapter is that equality of material well-being has emerged as the dominating factor in the formulation of policies. In order to prove his point, the author discusses each of the conceptualizations and how they are related to each other. The chapter contains a lengthy discussion of equality under the law. It discusses how the laws of a society must disregard various categorizations and consider people as individuals. Basically, this is the backbone of equality as perceived by many. It is with this conceptualization that the evil of inequality such as racism, sexism, homophobia and others are commonly argued with. Furthermore, the author discusses how equality under the law or the lack of it has been demonstrated in U.S history. The author recounts the discrimination that different groups have received and he identifies the presumably dominant group as being white, male, and predominantly Protestant. He argues that it is such group that has used the law in order to maintain its dominance and keep other groups subordinated. The author further argued that equality of opportunity and equality of material well-being are inseparable and dependent on each other. It is because opportunities to rise in the ranks of social mobility are dependent on the resources that one has. The author paralleled the evolution of the conceptualization of equality to the various stages that the civil rights movement has undergone. In its earliest days, the focus of the movement was on eradication of laws that subordinated African-Americans. In other words, this referred to attacks on denials of equality under the law. In the second stage, the civil rights movement focused on fighting for equal access to values and facilities that are supposed to be available to the general public. This constituted their battle for equality of opportunity. Now, the movement is in its third stage, the battle for proportional equality or equality of material well-being. To demonstrate how the focus shifted to proportional equality, the author recounted the laws that were deemed to be in support of the achievement of equality such as the fourteenth amendment and the Civil Rights Act of 1964. These laws were used to generate policies that meant to end inequality on various fronts specifically education and employment. For instance, the fourteenth amendment led to the end of segregation in public schools. On the other hand, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 led to the creation of EEOC which pressed for ending discrimination in terms of employment opportunities. Having read the chapter, it is my view that equality, in all of its three conceptualizations, is all one and the same. Having one means having the others. The achievement of such cannot be the sole responsibility of the government or the law. It requires the concerted effort of the whole society. I agree with the author that today, the battle for equality has shifted to the battle for proportional equality. The achievement of such indeed reflects the fulfillment and realization of the two other conceptualizations. Equality must not only be reflected in the law. It does not only favor those who have long been discriminated. Equality is the right of everyone. Thus, every member of society must make an effort towards the realization of it. How to cite Chapter 10 is a chapter that attempts to discus, Essay examples

Human Rights Litigations Francophone West African Aspect

Questions: Preferably topics that relates to francophone westafrican countries. Topics should revolve around: Africa regional bodies(ecowas, sadc, comessa etc) maybe comparing an aspect of all the bodies. A particular human right in Africa (concentration on francophone west Africa). Maybe problems sorrouding Africa unification, or African unification and human rights. Answer: Human rights Litigations- francophone West African aspect The initiation of democratic system of Francophone Africa actually did not make available a facilitating setting for the safety of human rights all the way through force legal action.After independence in African countries, usually, they were more worried with state structure and nationwide harmony than with matters such as democratisation and admiration for the human rights.Consequently, in spite of the implementation of constitutions preserving human rights and elementary freedoms, exceptionally small was prepared to assure human rights. The permissible and supporting actions were not favourable to the defence of those human rights. On the other hand, the difficulty is whether the beginning of constitutional influence has direct to impact or deliberate proceedings which aspire at establish a human rights structure personalised by the authority of the rule of law and a see-through and responsible administration. The argument can be raised in this situation is that the whether the as sisting structure is enough to provide the protection to the human rights of the people. If it is not adequate then what measures can be appreciated in this regard. Gender equality in the process of dissolution of marriage- a francophone West African aspect New research and publications discover the fact that family laws are gradually growing in the direction of better impartiality among women and men at the time of dissolution of marriages in Francophone South African region. In tradition, on the other hand, matrimonial separation occurs in casual methods that engage a variety of either the conventional or the spiritual standards which is nor providing gender impartiality as a whole. The marriage is sacramental and divorce is the disaster for the husband and wife. So therefore divorces are considered to be the awful and difficult life event. But even if the divorce is taken place, the dominance of husband can be observed in this connection. Lack of adequate privacy protection law is a violation of human rights The existing codes and laws are inadequate to protect all the internet privacies. Being a developing country the Francophone South Africa also adopting new technologies. In this regard the law is not enough to fight against the new technological mishaps taken place to the citizens. Now it is the duty of the government to provide a unified adequate code to protect the people from this problem. Right to privacy is human rights so it needs to be achieved by the operation of law. The ECOWAS Community Court of Justice in delivery of human rights case- discussion on need for human rights court The community court for justice is actively providing the human rights justice in several cases. But the courts are overflow with other cases so proper attention is required in the field of human rights. So this community refers for the requirement of human rights court. The main argument can be placed under this topic regarding the increasing human rights issues and the need of adjudication process. The researcher can provide arguments regarding present system as well as required amendment are this system. References Privacyinternational.org,Francophone West African Civil Society Organisations Demand Better Privacy, Personal Data Protections | Privacy International(2015) https://www.privacyinternational.org/?q=node/388 The Danish Institute for Human Rights,Slow Progress of Equality in Marriage Dissolution in Francophone West Africa(2015) https://www.humanrights.dk/news/slow-progress-equality-marriage-dissolution-francophone-west-africa The Danish Institute for Human Rights,Slow Progress Of Equality In Marriage Dissolution In Francophone West Africa(2015) https://www.humanrights.dk/news/slow-progress-equality-marriage-dissolution-francophone-west-africa Privacyinternational.org,Francophone West African Civil Society Organisations Demand Better Privacy, Personal Data Protections | Privacy International(2015) https://www.privacyinternational.org/?q=node/388.

Social and Situated Theories of Learning

Introduction Learning can at times be a very difficult task. Although there is a sense of achievement after one is able to learn something, it is not always easy for such an individual during the process of learning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Situated Theories of Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is particularly difficult for someone who is trying to learn skills that they are not familiar with or difficult concepts that may require a lot effort to be able to learn. Various scholars have come up with theories to explain how effective learning can take place. For example, Kolb has described learning as an individual’s experiences that happen in cycle. However, this process of learning does not cater for the emotional experiences of the learner. Another theory that has been advanced to explain how learning can effectively take place is the social learning theory. The social learni ng theory refers to a method of learning that is usually attributed to Albert Bandura. This theory is mostly used in learning institutions. However, it can also be applied in a workplace setting to improve the outcome. The theory purports that learning occurs through observation and socialization. This means that people learn from each other as they socialize and observe one another in a particular setting, for example, in the workplace. By using the social learning theory, one is able to promote the right employee behavior within the workplace, hence increase productivity. This theory helps one to effectively direct the employees’ behavior in order to encourage the appropriate behavior that is necessary for the growth of the organization. This paper shall address the concept of social learning and the situated theories. The paper shall further look into ways in which these two theories can help trainers facilitate effective learning in their places of work Social theory of l earning and its application in the learning process at the workplace The main proponent of social theory of learning, who is also the pioneer, is called Albert Bandura. The theory proposes that a lot of learning takes place through observation. He suggests that three models are useful in this theory. They include the live model, verbal instruction and the symbolic. The live model involves learning of desired behavior through demonstration.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This happens when a person does the demonstration while those observing are expected to learn the desired behavior from the person demonstrating by mere observation. In verbal instruction model, the desired behavior is expected to be depicted after detailed instructions concerning this desired behavior is given verbally. The listeners are given instructions clearly and accurately and are expected to show this behavior depending on how well they have understood the detailed description of the desired behavior. Finally, the symbolic model suggests that behavior can be acquired through observing characters in the media for example, those who act in various programs. The internet and different forms of literature are also very helpful tools in symbolic modeling. In this type of modeling, the characters who are acting in these programs demonstrate certain behaviors that are imitated by those watching, listening or reading them. Steps in modeling process Attention According to Bandura (1977), certain steps are very important in the modeling process in behavior acquisition. The first step is attention. For learning to take place through any of the three models of behavior acquisition, it is very vital for the individual to be attentive to the behavior that is being exhibited. One is sure to capture the features of the behavior being modeled if they pay attention to it. This makes it easier for them to replicate the behavior they have observed. Retention Again, retention of what one has learnt after paying attention to a certain behavior being modeled is important, if an individual is to replicate the same behavior (Bandura Walters, 1963). It is important for one to remember what one has learnt for easier imitation of the behavior. Reproduction Reproduction is the other step that is vital in the learning process that occurs through observation as proposed by Bandura. Reproduction of behavior occurs when one is able to keenly observe and retain what they have seen. However, it requires a lot of practice for one to accurately reproduce the behavior they have observed.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Social and Situated Theories of Learning specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Motivation Finally, motivation is necessary for an individual to reproduce the behavior they have observed. If there is no incentive for one to reproduce a certain behavior, one may not be willing to put any effort to reproduce the behavior. Motivation is therefore helpful in encouraging one to reproduce a certain desired behavior. Bobo doll experiments To validate his beliefs, Bandura did some experiments using a doll that was known as Bobo. Children were used as the participants of this experiment. These children were placed in three groups. The three groups were expected to exhibit different behavior, depending on the people who were modeling the desired behavior. One of the three groups was used as the control group. One of the remaining two groups was exposed to an adult model, where aggressive behavior was depicted. The last group was exposed to an adult model that was passive. The group that was exposed to the aggressive adult model observed as the adults behaved in an aggressive manner towards the Bobo doll. Some of the aggressive behavior exhibited by the adults in this group included verbal and physical abuse t owards the doll. On the other hand, those adults in the passive group engaged in peaceful interaction with the doll. This means that they avoided any aggressive behavior towards the doll. The two groups behaved in the particular manner they did as children in their groups observed them. After the adults in these groups were through with modeling desired behavior, the children were then given an opportunity to play with the Bobo doll. During play, children who were observing the adults who behaved in an aggressive manner imitated this and behaved in a similar manner when playing with the doll. This means that they were able to imitate what they had seen the adults doing. Compared to the girls in the groups, boys showed a greater tendency to engage in physically aggressive behavior. However, the likelihood for both the boys and the girls in this group to engage in verbal aggression was almost the same. These results helped back up Bandura’s proposition that modeling is very hel pful and influential in the learning process.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More When those who were involved in modeling a certain behavior were punished for any wrong doings, those observing this were able to keep off from such behavior that they observed the model doing and they were punished. This helped in teaching and learning of the right behavior. The social learning theory, developed by Julian Rotter, further suggests that the motivation to engage in a certain behavior is heightened or decreased by the effects that the behavior has on the person engaging in the behavior. A positive outcome of a certain behavior increases the likelihood of occurrence of the behavior while a negative outcome decreases the probability of the occurrence of the behavior. Positive outcomes therefore reinforce the behavior that brings the outcome. In suggesting this, the proponent of this school of thought sought to clarify that the behavior that an individual exhibits is not only determined by psychological factors only but also environmental factors play a great role as well . Social learning therefore, purports that both psychological and environmental factors are vital in influencing behavior. The social learning theory is very useful in modeling the behavior of employees in a place of work. This theory suggests that for any behavior to be learnt, the first step should be modeling that behavior. Trainers can facilitate effective learning in the workplace through modeling the desired behavior instead of just describing to the employees the expected behavior. They should act in the manner they expect the employees to act. When the employees see the trainers model a certain behavior, they are able to imitate the behavior and understand what the desired behavior entails. It is also easier for the employees to reproduce the desired behavior once they see it being modeled by their trainers. Another way that the trainers can help to facilitate effective learning in the workplace is through encouraging the employees to imitate the modeled behavior. Encouragem ent to imitate and reproduce the desired behavior can be done in many ways. For example, the trainers can directly tell the employees to imitate the modeled behavior. Again, encouragement can be done through publicly rewarding employees who exhibit the desired behavior. This gives every employee an opportunity to see the desired behavior and copy it especially, when they see that there is a reward for this. The trainers can also facilitate effective training through observing the employees as they carry out their various tasks. The trainers should continually watch the employees as they carry out the desired behavior in order to ensure that they are doing the behavior in the right way as it was modeled to them. In case the trainer notices that the employees are going astray at some point, they should step in immediately to correct them and help behave appropriately. To facilitate effective learning, the trainers should also stipulate the consequences that employees should face in ca se they fail to exhibit the desired behavior. The consequences should not be unnecessarily harsh on the employees. They can be corrections done verbally at the point the trainer notices behavioral deviation. However, in case of major behavioral deviation, serious consequences can result. Such may include formal sanctions. Self efficacy has great impact on the social learning theory. Self efficacy simply refers to the belief held by an individual concerning their ability to acquire skills and knowledge in a successful manner. This implies that an individual may not be able to reproduce a certain behavior they observe if they do not believe that behaving in the same manner will have the same result as the one they observed. To encourage acquisition of certain behavior, trainers can use formal and informal mentoring programs. These would help employees develop their various competencies through observing others. Employees are likely to reproduce the behavior they see modeled if it has positive rewards or outcomes. Application of the principles of social learning theory in training at the workplace can also encourage effective training. Trainers should use videos and role play, among others, to demonstrate certain concepts while carrying out training in the workplace. These are very effective tools in conveying the desired workplace behavior that should be copied by the employees. Situated learning theory and its application in the learning process by trainers at the workplace Situated learning theory was the proposition of Lave and Wenger. Situated learning is simply learning that happens in a given context and its application takes place within the same context where learning took place. The two are of the opinion that learning is not necessarily the process of transfer of abstract concepts from one person to another. They instead view the learning process as a social process whereby one gains knowledge through the experiences they go through and use the knowled ge to solve certain problems that can be solved using this acquired knowledge. This means that learning is possible to take place in a particular context or environmental setting. Learning takes place through socialization with one’s environment as well as imitation of what one is observing. Learning therefore occurs while people are trying to solve certain problems they have encountered in their community of practice (Miller Dollard, 1941). This can be interpreted to mean that learning is problem based. In an attempt to find solutions to real life problems that one may encounter, learning occurs. The two therefore suggest that being social is very vital for the learning process to take place. In a community of practice, people tend to learn more from those who have more knowledge than them. A problem-based approach should therefore be considered when setting the curriculum for schools. This is effective in preparing the students to work in an environment that would require a problem-based approach to learn what is required for the particular task (Leave Wenger, 1991). Situated learning gives employees a chance to put into practice what they have learnt while doing tasks related to their jobs. In a workplace setting, this theory is very helpful because it encourages learning to take place among peers working in the same environment. Solving of the existing problems and any other that may arise in the course of carrying out various tasks as well as coming up with new ideas are some of the ways that this theory helps in facilitation of effective learning in the workplace. Everyone in the workplace is able to experience the benefits of the learning process that takes place through this theory or learning. These benefits are not only felt within the organization where situated learning is taking place but also in the wider community where such an organization operates. Organizations can also use situated learning theory to help in cutting down the costs o f training that the organization may incur if it conducts structured training, which is usually theoretical in nature and is done by third parties. Instead of doing this, organizations can choose to use situated learning. This involves informal learning which takes place in the particular area that an individual is allocated to carry out different tasks. While carrying out these tasks, one is able to acquire the necessary knowledge and skills. This means that they do not necessarily need the structured theoretical training to be able to acquire the required knowledge and skills. Situated learning therefore saves the organization any unnecessary costs that they may have incurred if they conducted structured training. Organizations are nowadays looking for ways which they can use to encourage learning within the communities of practice where they are based. Again, situated learning helps the organization avoid wasting resources and time which may be incurred if training of what is not necessary is done during structured learning (Greeno, 1998). This is because, when giving abstract instruction, one may give too much or too little that may be needed to carry out certain tasks. On the contrary, situation learning helps in acquisition of knowledge that is relevant to the task that one is supposed to accomplish. Situated learning is useful in facilitating effective learning in the workplace. For example, it can be very useful in military training. This means that whatever those who are undergoing training learn is applicable in their place of work. They can therefore effectively apply the skills and knowledge they have gained in a practical setting if need be. Most of what they are taught is not abstract but knowledge that is relevant and applicable in their immediate setting. Using the situated theory of learning, the trainer can encourage a culture of learning in the workplace that recognizes and values the opinions of everyone in the workplace. According to Hung (2002), the trainer should understand that people tend to process and understand concepts more clearly if they are in an environment where there are multiple opinions and beliefs being aired by different peopled without being suppressed. The trainer should therefore, encourage all the employees to freely air out their views and opinions without f ear of being intimidated or ignored. This way, learning takes place easily and more effectively. The understanding of major concepts that employees are expected to learn is also strengthened if this method is used to encourage the employees to speak out their minds. Situated theories can be very helpful when doing training in certain fields. For example, those in the field of architecture can learn by observing the master architects as they work. The novice architects are therefore able to learn and apply what they have learnt in their field of study. Experiential learning can happen in two different ways. First, learning happens through th e acquisition and application of knowledge within the immediate environment where it takes place. This kind of learning is at times funded by formal institutions of learning. It can also be done through training programs that are organized by organizations to equip the employees with the relevant skills and knowledge that is required to carry out certain tasks. Again, learning can occur when one is involved in various activities in their day to day life. In this type of learning, acquisition of knowledge is not an activity that is funded or monitored by formal institutions of learning. Learning occurs through critical thinking and evaluation about the happenings of everyday in an individual’s life. Experience has therefore, been considered as one of the greatest and most effective way that can be used to enhance learning. There are different approaches that have been used to define and expound on the concept of learning. Learning is usually seen as a continuous process, not m erely a final product of a certain short term project. According to Schell Black (1997), the views that one holds are a result of the experience one has accumulated over the years. As one continues to have different experiences in life, they are able to modify any wrong misconceptions they may have about life. Learning is therefore viewed as an ongoing process that enables one to acquire knowledge. Knowledge is got from the experiences that learners go through. In the process of learning, the learner encounters situations that require them to solve various conflicts that may arise from time to time. This means that the learning process is not a smooth one but requires constant application of one’s problem solving skills. Learning is also viewed as a vital part of the human life. This is because it helps an individual adapt well to their physical and social environment. What one learns individually from their experiences is reflected in how they behaved towards their environm ent. This theory can also be used by trainers to help the employees become aware of the skills and competencies that they may be lacking but are not aware. The trainer should therefore look for a good way to inform the employees of the competencies that they are lacking and how they can acquire them. In so doing, the employees will be able to see the need and relevance of training in the workplace and will be receptive towards the measures that the trainers will take to ensure that the necessary competencies are acquired. Learning takes place easily in an environment where employees are aware of the deficient skills and are willing to go through training programs in order to acquire these skills. If the employees are unaware of the need for training, learning is not an easy task. This is why the trainer needs to be sure that the employees in the workplace understand their training needs and are ready to embrace the necessary measures that the trainer may take to ensure that they are competent in their areas of specialization. With the realization that one is not doing what they are supposed to do effectively and training can help them improve this, learning becomes very easy. According to Adams, Cochrane Dunne (2012), the trainer should also show sensitivity to the employees’ feelings when designing certain training programs. This is because, the employees can feel very discouraged if they realize that training programs have been designed to teach them new ways of doing certain tasks because they were doing the tasks the wrong way all through. Training should be designed in such a manner that skills that are meant to be acquired are learnt in easy and simple steps. This helps those being trained in the workplace have satisfaction that they have been able to master some of the required skills before being engaged in the next step, which may involve mastering more complex skills. The trainer should structure the training in such a manner that simple lear ning methods, which will cause employee satisfaction, are used. Using complex methods that the employees may find difficult may hinder the learning process from taking place, hence, not meeting the objective for training. The employees may therefore become discouraged along the way and give up trying to learn because the lack the motivation that comes as a result of achieving the set goal. If the employees become obsessed with the fact that there are a lot of things that they do not know and they are not able to learn these things through the training that is being offered to them, they may also become rebellious or uncooperative. The employees might also develop a negative attitude towards training. For learning in a workplace to take place effectively, a safe psychological environment is necessary. Such an environment allows the employees to comfortably air their views and opinions without fear of being intimidated or misunderstood. This also, allows the employees to speak openly about issues of concern to them without being unnecessarily concerned about what others or the trainer might think about them. Adams, Cochrane Dunne (2012) suggest that when planning to organize training that deals with sensitive issues such as personal styles and attitudes, it may be wise for the trainer to use an external independent trainer. The trainer, in this case, should be someone who does not work with the employees regularly. This would enhance the learning process because the employees are more open to such a person. The employees are able to voice their concerns more easily without fear of being quoted as having said something that was displeasing to the employer. Openness and participation that is likely to be witnessed in such a setting is very vital to the learning process. Conclusion Training has often been confused with learning but the two are very different. Training is one of the means through which learning take place. However, it is not the only method that ca n be used by trainers to enhance learning within the workplace. There certain considerations that should be put in place if effective learning is to take place through training. Training can be considered as faulty if it is badly designed or badly delivered. It can also be regarded as faulty if it is designed based on a wrong diagnosis of the needs in the workplace. Moreover, it is considered inappropriate in meeting certain learning needs, which can only be met effectively through use of other means such as mentoring. Although the purpose of training remains to be generation of learning outcomes, there is still no single universally acceptable method that is recommended to do this. Two theories have been very useful in the learning that comes as a result of training. The social learning theory and the situated learning have been used by many organizations to help in meeting the training needs in a workplace. The two theories are very important in facilitating effective learning in the workplace. This is because, the focus that the trainer takes when using these two theories in training at the workplace enhance acquisition of the relevant skills through simple and cheap ways such as mentoring and observation. The employees are then able to replicate the modeled behavior. This is better that the conventional methods of training that are usually emphasized at the expense of such simple and effective methods. The social learning theory and the situated theory are therefore very vital theories that trainers can used to facilitate effective training at the workplace. Reference List Adams, J., Cochrane, M., Dunne, L., 2012. Applying Theory to educational  research: an introductory approach with case studies. West Sussex: John Willey Sons Ltd. Bandura, A., 1977. Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press. Bandura, A. Walters, R., 1963. Social Learning and Personality Development. New York: Holt, Rinehart Winston. Greeno, J. G., 1998. The Situativi ty of Knowing, Learning, and Research.  American Psychologist, 53(1), 5-26. Hung, D., 2002. Situated cognition and problem-based learning: implications for learning and instruction with technology. Journal of Interactive Learning Research, 13(4), 393-415. Leave, J. Wenger, E., 1991. Situated Learning. Legitimate peripheral  participation. Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press Miller, N. Dollard, J., 1941. Social Learning and Imitation. New Haven, NJ: Yale University Press. Schell, J. W., Black, R. S., 1997. Situated learning: An inductive case study of a collaborative learning experience. Journal of Industrial Teacher Education, 34, 5-28. 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Impulse - Force Over Time

Impulse - Force Over Time Force applied over time creates an impulse, a change in momentum. Impulse is defined in classical mechanics as a force multiplied by the amount of time it acts over. In calculus terms, the impulse can be calculated as the integral of force with respect to time.  The symbol for impulse is J or Imp.   Force is a vector quantity (the direction matters) and impulse is also a vector in the same direction. When an impulse is applied to an object, it has a vector change in its linear momentum. Impulse is the product of the average net force acting on an object and its duration.  J  Ã‚  F̅Δt Alternately, impulse can be calculated as the difference in momentum between two given instances.  Impulse change in momentum force x time. Units of Impulse The SI unit of impulse is the same as for momentum, the Newton second N*s or kg*m/s. The two terms are equal. English engineering units for impulse are pound-second (lbf*s) and slug-foot per second (slug*ft/s). The Impulse-Momentum Theorem This theorem is logically equivalent to Newtons second law of motion: force equals mass times acceleration, also known as the force law. The change in momentum of an object equals the impulse applied to it.  J  Ã‚  ÃŽâ€ p. This theorem can be applied to a constant mass or to a changing mass. It is relevant especially to rockets, where the mass of the rocket changes as fuel is expended to produce the thrust. Impulse of Force The product of average force and the time in which it is exerted is the impulse of force. It is equal to the change of momentum of an object that isnt changing mass. This is a useful concept when you are studying impact forces. If you increase the time over which the change of force happens, the impact force also decreases. This is used in mechanical design for safety, and it is useful in sports applications as well. You want to reduce the impact force for a car hitting guardrail, for example, by designing the guardrail to collapse as well as designing parts of the car to crumple on impact. This lengthens the time of the impact and therefore the force. If you want a ball to be propelled further, you want to shorten the time of impact with a racket or bat, raising the impact force. Meanwhile, a boxer knows to lean away from a punch so it takes longer in landing, reducing the impact. Specific Impulse Specific impulse is a measure of the efficiency of rockets and jet engines. It is the total impulse that is produced by a unit of propellant as it is consumed. If a rocket has a higher specific impulse, it needs less propellant to gain altitude, distance, and speed. It is the equivalent of the thrust divided by the propellant flow rate. If the propellant weight is used (in Newton or pound), specific impulse is measured in seconds. This is often how rocket engine performance is reported by manufacturers.

What an Average Essay Writing Service Can Do for You

What an Average Essay Writing Service Can Do for You What an Average Essay Writing Service Can Do for You As a student, there are many more reasons to use an essay writing service beyond the quintessential plagiarism schemes where students pay a writer to produce a model paper for them. While this is certainly something possible, it is just the tip of the iceberg. Using an essay writing service you can get: Model Paper (Obviously) Of course the first thing people think of is getting a model paper on their topic or type of an essay so that they can use that as an example. This is great because it often offers ideas for structure and for references students might want, which can cut down on research time. Proofread/Edited Essay One of the best reasons for working with a service is that they can edit or proofread content you produce. You can make sure you have citations properly formatted in APA or that your tenses remain the same throughout the text by working with a professional. You can avoid being marked down severely by doing this. Topic Ideas for Academic Papers If you are struggling to come up with a topic for your assignment, you can look to writing companies for lists of potential ideas. Tips on How to Improve the Style and Content With each draft of a paper you want to submit, an editor can look over your content for issues with style and content, helping you to ensure the first narrative essay you write or the first compare and contrast essay you produce is great and on point. This is a wonderful tool for students who are trying to complete an essay they have never done before. Constructive Criticism It can be difficult to get the constructive criticism you need from your teacher or from your classmates, especially if you only turn in your paper to your teacher and only receive a quick grade. If you use a writing service, they can give you the constructive criticism you need to make sure your final draft is perfect. This is great when you are working through a long term project. Tips on How Your English Must Be Improved You can submit drafts of work you have done or provide a portfolio of your recent work to a writing service. After this, they can review your work and give you tips on what things you should work to improve. This is great for second language learners. You might not realize that indefinite articles or past tense are problematic or that you have issues with them in each paper you write. But a writing service can review your work and highlight what areas you might want to improve for next time. Again, an essay writing service can provide you with many forms of assistance as a student. You should not be so quick to judge what they have to provide especially when you will face many types of tasks as a student.

Duty of the Court and its Interpretation of Legislature Essay

Duty of the Court and its Interpretation of Legislature - Essay Example Consequently, the unnecessary strain that is being imposed on judicial system is making judiciary to do the work of the legislature. Ernest Bruncken quotes Vandereycken about the three stages in the development of judicial interpretation as the literal state, logical stage and the positive stage. The interpretation of significance finds in logical and positive stages as logical stage considers the will of lawgiver and respect for it. Whereas, the positive stage the law can be seen as the product of economic and social forces working through law giver and finding expression accordingly. Hence, in this case the question about the power and duty of the court to travel outside the law on a voyage and discovery comes to the fore. The metaphor in the above sentence deals with the nature of interpretation that deviates from the original meaning and logic of the law considered. Hence, in the context of court interpreting the law in positive stage, the exigencies of social life will be the so le consideration of the court (Ernest Bruncken, 2009). Hart's theory and concept made greater impact on contemporary positivism as he applied the radical insights of the new linguistic philosophy. According to Tebbit Mark (2000), he explained the central problems of jurisprudence with sound theoretical footing and tried to do simplify the complexity of law. As Hart acknowledged the value of Bentham and Austin's efforts of clarification and tried to expose the weaknesses of classical common law, he tried to establish the power of Courts to go beyond the intentional meaning of the law to interpret according to the social situations. As he expressed reservations about some areas of law as serious obstacles in the path of genuine understanding, he viewed the interpretation of courts about the law as the articulation of pre-existing good. Hart disagreed with Hobbes and Austin about the positive form of command theory and supported the revealing of true explanatory strength. The reason for rejection of command theory by Hart is that it did no t reflect the reality of any possible or actual legal system and its explanatory power was limited thus confining the courts to certain points while interpreting the law. In that manner he supported the power and duty of court to interpret the law according to social situations. While stating his concept Hart constructs two effective arguments. First about the essence of law that purports to explain and thus stated that the rules cannot be orders or commands. As he felt that the rules are the ones, which facilitate social transactions, the interpretation of courts plays an important role in applying the law to various social situations thus giving the power to court to go beyond the concept of the rule in law. The second argument is about the distinction between types of legal rules that talks about analysis of social practices. As he pointed out that concept of an accepted rule is missing in Austin's analysis, Hart supported the sophisticated understanding of the social practice fo llowing a rule (Tebbit, Mark (Author), 2000). The important aspect in Hart's argument is that the rules in the law are open textured. Hence, Judges have to fill the gaps by their discretion. Hence, he

Crime Statistics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Crime Statistics - Essay Example Most are the consequences of Internet tools. For instance, in most robbery cases since the Internet needs individual profiles to give even the most fundamental service, the Internet, because there is a need, displays that profile for the free access of the public as well as the perpetrators. The data from the article comes from the FBI's violent crime statistics, and it reflected the sudden increase in the cases of violence in all parts of the US. Due to the lack of worry among the US public, the perpetrators of violent crimes have transformed into predators waiting for innocent US citizens to fall in their traps. The advantages of the FBI and Reuters as the sources for these violent crime rates on the enterprising US societies cannot be denied: it has enabled the easy access to transactional data for people to become aware of the current crime situation in their country. In addition, the utilization of the FBI and Reuters news and online transacting is at present the most prescribed manner of becoming aware of the latest news, as the media can act only as a channel of connecting with its users, but of searching fresh ones and of managing interactions with present users also.

According to Collis and Hussey Essay Example for Free

According to Collis and Hussey Essay Interviews â€Å"are a method of collecting data in which selected participants are asked questions in order to find out what they do, think or feel†. Saunders et al. (2003) propose the idea that this method is an efficient way of collecting reliable and valid information, because the data gathered comes directly from the source in study, which certainly helps to achieve the research question and objectives of this project. Therefore, choosing interviews was based on its suitability in finding what is happening and seeking new sights when exploring career obstacles for Hong Kong women managers. Interviews are classified based on the degree of flexibility as well as formality and structure that the researcher would like to apply. Therefore, there are three types of interviews, structured, semi-structured and unstructured interviews (Kumar, 1999; Saunders et al. , 2000; Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In the structured interview â€Å"the investigator asks a pre-determined set of questions, using the same wording and order of questions as specified in the interview schedule† (Kumar, 1999, p.109); in semi-structured interview, the questions are also prepared beforehand, but in contrast, they offer more flexibility in facilitating the interviewee to modify the questions to investigate new ideas that might come up during the interview; and the unstructured interviews are based on a general topic of interest, but the questions are spontaneously posed to the respondent (Kumar, 1999; Guillham, 2000; Saunders et al. , 2000; Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). See more: Foot Binding In China essay It has been suggested that for phenomenological approaches and exploratory researches, a semi-structure interview is the most suitable type since the interviewer can explore in-depth a specific area that might be of interest (Jankowicz, 1999). The interviews carried out for this research were semi-structured. One of the reasons of choosing this type of interview is because they are more conductible and easier to control in order to establish and maintain empathy with respondents, so make the respondents be more comfortable and express their opinions more freely. It also gives the interviewer the opportunity to discover and understand the respondents’ points of view and beliefs about a specific situation (Zikmund, 2000). Saunders et al. (2000) mention that semi-structured are qualitative research interviews and are classified as non-standardized, where questions might vary from one interview to another since it depends on the course that the conversation takes, hence it would required of additional questions. In addition, Healey and Rawlinson (1994 cited Saunders et al., 2000) point out that more than one type can be used within an interview, where one section may ask factual closed questions, such as personal details, and the next sections could explore more qualitative issues. In this case, a combination of styles was adopted within the interviews held. The first section consisted of a set of factual questions in order to find out the interviewee’s work position and background. The following sections were based on qualitative responses where relevant topics were taking under consideration accordingly to the literature review developed in Chapter II as well as aim and objectives of the research. For instance, in the second section, Hong Kong women managers were asked to shed light on their marriage and family aspects; their nature of job, obstacles in their career pathways; and their plans to grow in their organizations in future. Furthermore, the semi-structured interviews allowed a free-flowing discussion, which in turn produced a better understanding of the way of thinking, opinions, and behavior of women manager in relation to their experiences towards working in an environment that supports male managers and the career obstacles they face. 3. 7. 3. Data Quality Issues There are a number of data quality issues to be aware and consider when conducting an interview, otherwise it would put at risk the findings of the investigation. In this case information supplied to the interviewee, confidentiality, listening skills and recording of interviews is going to be considered for this section (Kvale, 1996; Saunders et al. , 2000). 3. 7. 3. 1. Information Supplied to the Interviewee An important issue to promote credibility to the investigation is the supply of relevant information to the participants prior the interviews. In this way, the interviewee considered the information under study and was prepare to discuss their experiences and opinions, which helped to develop the research credibility. This was reached through a letter sent to the participants, which can be seen in Appendix A. It was also mentioned the duration of the interviews, in order to let them organize their time and provide an approximately one hour to one hour and a half to the interview with no interruptions. 3. 7. 3. 2. Confidentiality According to Kvale (1996, p.114) â€Å"confidentiality in research implies that private data identifying the subjects will not be reported†. The author also highlight that the change of names to protect the privacy of the participants is of an important issue, since encourages people to reveal experiences, feelings and facts which enrich the information given by the interviewee, facilitating the development of the research (Kvale, 1996; Guillham, 2000). Hence, it was explained to the interviewee the purpose of the research and the use that it is going to have in order to gain their trust and confidence. 3. 7. 3. 3. Listening Skills For this quality issue, it is important to have attentive listening skills in order to understand the interviewee’s opinions and explanations, especially to identify comments that are relevant to the research and that might imply of develop new ideas and questions in order to keep the conversation going in the same track which is the basic characteristic of a semi-structured interview (Saunders et al. , 2000). In this case, commentaries were kept to a minimum, which allowed the interviewees to answer freely and avoid bias to the questions asked. 3. 7. 3. 4. Recording of Interviews There have been issues in relation to the recording of information gathered from the data collection methods, and the most acceptable one is the tape-recording, which its record has to be immediately after it was taken in order to obtain a reliable data for its analysis. This issue leads to what have been mentioned above in relation to the confidentiality that the researcher gives to the study per se. In addition, authors suggest making notes as well in order to make the most of the interview, that is, not to miss any relevant information that the interviewee provides (Guillham, 2000; Saunders et al. , 2000; Ghauri and Gronhaug, 2002). In this case, interviews were recorded with the permission of the respondents in order to retain as much data for the transcription and facilitate the analysis procedures, which is going to be conveyed into the next chapter. However, according to Saunders et al. (2000) and Ghauri and Gronhaug (2002), there are some disadvantages that tape-recording an interview can bring, such as the interviewee’s hesitation in responding some question or even not to answer them, which will reduce the reliability of the interview; as well as the transcription is time consuming. In the former, the participants did not have any inconvenient for the interview be recorded; and for the latter time furthermore was reserved for the interviews’ transcription. 3. 8. RELIABILITY AND VALIDITY OF THE RESEARCH. As stated by Collis and Hussey (2003) and Saunders et al. (2003), there are two aspects related to the credibility of the findings, thus it is important to consider the significance of the reliability and validity of the research outcome. In this case, reliability is concern with how well it has been carried out the research project (Blaxter et al. , 2001), which refers to the possibility of obtaining the same exact results if repeating the study (Collis and Hussey, 2003), in other words, the consistency of the methods of data collection, thus the results (Denscombe, 2002). On the other hand, validity concerns with whether the data, approaches and techniques in study actually relate to the issues that have been explored and the results relate to what is really happening in the situation (Blaxter et al. , 2001; Collis and Hussey, 2003; Saunders et al. 2003). There are some discussions which claim that qualitative research often provide valid findings, while quantitative research offers more reliable findings (Berg, 2004). This has been critiqued by Saunders et al. (2000) who state that it is possible for qualitative and quantitative research to provide both valid and reliable findings. Therefore, it can be said that considering the present research, which adopts a phenomenological approach, it is important to highlight that the reliability and validity of the questions in the interviews were maximized by the careful design of the individual questions and the clear explanation of the purpose of the interviews. Moreover, the reliability and validity of the research and the obtained information gathered from the interviews is directly linked to the applied strategy and purpose of the research, as well as to the aim and objectives of the investigation. Besides, validity is ensured by the transcriptions and further analysis of the interviewee’s experiences and opinions by direct quotations. 3. 9. ETHICAL ISSUES Researchers like Creswell (1994), Kumar (1996), Saunders et al. (2000), Collis Hussey (2003) and Jankowicz (2005) have placed emphasis on the importance of ethical considerations when doing a research. For business and management researchers, ethical issues of vital importance are confidentiality, informed consent, and honest representation of findings. Therefore, considering these ethical issues, this research requested the consent of the participants prior to the data collection, guaranteeing them of the confidentially of the information they would provide. In addition, the data collected was analyzed in a logical and scientific manner, allowing the proper representation of findings. CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4. 1 COPING STRATEGIES TO COMBAT SEX DISCRIMINATION Two of the participants responded that they have not felt any kind of sex discrimination at their workplace. None of the participants felt that women need to use their feminism in order to progress in their careers. Anna responded that the gap of academic, promotional and employment opportunities for women has almost filled and men and women are getting almost equal opportunities. Anna and Emmy felt that women can do what they have decided to do in their minds and they consider themselves as an example of that kind of women. Maggie, in contrast, does not feel the same because she has an experience of workplace sex discrimination against women. She has also been discouraged to join the old-boy network and she has also experienced sexual harassment in her organization. She informed the researcher that the only way to cope up with the workplace discrimination is to get ready to move to a new job. She agreed with Emmy and Anna by saying that women who want to excel in their career can do it on their own merits. Maggie informed the researcher that she does not believe in confronting her seniors about the elimination of sex discrimination from the workplace. She also does not have any expectations from her seniors that they will try to eliminate sex discrimination from the workplace by implementing strategies to promote anti sex –discrimination policies. Thus the present study confirms the finding of study by Venter (2002) that there is no or little sex discrimination at today’s workplaces in Hong Kong. Venter (2002) found out that 66 % of the women managers interviewed in Hong Kong had responded that they did not find any sex discrimination at their workplace and 83% of them had felt that the attitude towards female managers are same as towards male managers. Westwood Leung (1999) found out that Hong Kong women managers are very less aware of the sex discrimination at workplace. Ng Pine (2003) had reported very interesting information that several Hong Kong women managers believe that sex discrimination is a prominent feature at Hong Kong organizations but when they were asked to describe their experience of sex discrimination then only a small number of the women managers were able to describe their own experience. The rest of the respondents informed that they haven’t experienced sex discrimination personally. Studies have clearly proved that Hong Kong women managers do not have any intention to confront their superiors and fight for the anti sex discrimination policies. Researches have also shown that when Hong Kong women managers are sexually harassed then they even do not confront the harasser and report to superiors and they instead use coping strategies such as they avoid or ignore the harasser, they prefer to quit or get transferred if the problem is not resolved (Chan et al. 1999; Ng 1995b). High attitude towards opportunities is found among Hong Kong women managers. They have great ability to deal any kind of discrimination at their work place. They keep their eyes and ears open and keep themselves in search of a suitable job incase they are fired or they quit. Their general and overall aim is to progress in their careers to get the higher positions in the organizations and thus they use their flexible nature to get the maximum number of opportunities to be succeeded (Venter 2002). Ng Pine (2003) reported that female hotel managers believe in using personal strategies to cope up with the discriminatory issue at their workplace. They believe in developing by looking more presentable, tend to dress up like a professional and rely on working hard to be proved as highly professional. Ng Pine (2003) found that majority of Hong Kong women managers have a high ‘can-do’ attitude and thus they believe in doing their job the best ways irrespective of the discriminatory issues against them at their workplace. Ng Chiu (1997) explained the reason of few organizations with family friendly policies is the low expectations behaviors of Hong Kong women managers who do not confront their superiors for the elimination of sex discrimination from the organization and they instead depends on their personalized strategies. Babcock Laschever (2003) found out the reason of Hong Kong women managers’ less success is due to their less skilful negotiating attitudes. However, it can not be said whether they have less skilful negotiating attitudes but it is clear from the evidences that negotiation is not prominent in the attitude of the women managers. Venter (2002) found out that as Hong Kong women managers do not have the habit to confront their superiors to get their equal rights at the workplace, they simply get less tensed as compared to other female managers who belong to Britain. Thus Hong Kong Chinese women managers are more successful in their careers and reach to the higher positions as compared to British women managers in Hong Kong. Javidan House (2001) explained that high achievement is a part of Hong Kong culture and this culture has changed the attitudes of employed women and has made them enthusiastic to grow in their careers. Hong Kong Women managers who fly high in their careers are seen as highly respected due to their ability to achieve their goal on their own without any support of society and workplace. But the women who do not reach the higher positions are blamed to be a failure due to their lack of sense of professionalism. They are considered as ‘non professional’ when they do not reach to the manager’s position. It is reflected among the society and organizations that a form of sex discrimination is evident due to the stereotyping of sex and power relations based on genders. There are very few structural changes through which the sex stereotyping and gendered roles at organizations can be changed. 4. 2 COPING STRATEGIES TO COMBAT GENDER ROLES The researcher asked all the three interviewees about their perception of single women. All of them have different perceptions on single women. Emmy feels that women stay single when they are not beautiful and thus no men attract towards such ugly women. Maggie sighed that she dreams of being a single but she also feels that being single it would have been very difficult for her to grow in her career and she has not been as successful as she is now. She also said that her roots in careers would have been very weak being a single woman. Anna feels that being a single woman is the best thing in the world. All her single friends are living happily and they do not want to get married because they believe that marriage brings a lot of problems with it. As diversity is more profound among the community of single women, the three interviewees seem influenced by the reflection of such diversity. Maggie, Anna and Emmy, all of them, love their husbands and children very much and they feel that they are the most important part of their lives. Though they consider family as the most important thing in their lives, they also believe that they cannot be stay-at-home women because they feel that they get the sense of achievement when they work and thus they get a balanced life. The nature of job of Emmy is quite flexible so she is allowed to work in flexible hours, and this way she gets a lot of time to spend with her family. She feels that her work has not affected her role as a mother as she takes plenty of time out to spend with her children. Maggie and Anna feel in contrast. They feel that they have been sandwiched between their wish to grow in their careers and their wish to spend more time with their children to ensure that the children’s education is not getting affected. This shows that both of them have both a high sense of achievement and a high sense of parenting. They feel guilty of not fulfilling their wish to be a good parent though both of them have hired foreign domestic helper. All the three interviewees believe that bringing up children is the primary duty of a woman and if a woman is employed then this duty should be handed over to other members of the extended family. All the three interviewees consider their families more important than their careers as compared to their husbands. These women do not have the habit of negotiation so they do not confront with their husbands and superiors to give them equal status. Researches have shown that Hong Kong women managers use personalized strategies to deal with work-family stress by taking help from relative, foreign domestic helpers and tutors (Lo et al. 2003; Ng 1999). Hakim (2003) also supported these positions that Hong Kong employed women are more family-centered as compared to their husbands and thus these women tend to less successful in their careers as compared to their husbands. The coping strategies that Hong Kong employed women used to reduce their work-family stress have a strong relation to the social culture of Hong Kong. Majority of Hong Kong employed women believe that they will not get any help from the government in terms of a caretaker because the social culture promotes the caretaker role of mothers and wives. If these women need help of a caretaker then they have to do it on their own because this is considered as a personal problem instead of a societal problem. All the three interviewees believe that though they are working at higher positions but their husbands should be respected as they are the breadwinners. Wives should help their husbands to be more successful in their careers. This shows that the traditional values of Hong Kong have set the mind of the women regarding their roles as a wife and a mother. The present study confirms the results of the previous studies (EOC 1997; Hong Kong Government 2003a) that the traditional ideology of a Chinese family for a man to be in charge of the work outside the house and for a woman to be in charge of the work inside the house is still present in Hong Kong culture. Due to the impact of this culture, even when both the parents are equally working and are equally concerned about the academic achievements and social well-being of their children, husbands have the liberty to be more career oriented by leaving behind their family without any sense of guilt. Thus, the culture of Hong Kong does not appreciate the growth of women as career women. This is impossible until and unless structural changes are made to understand these cultural contexts. The power structure can be changed only when the society and organizations believe in equal opportunities by dividing the power equally among women and men managers as the career success of a woman on her own basis is of no use. 2. 1. 1 FUTURE OF CAREER DEVELOPMENT OF WOMEN AS MANAGERS IN HONG KONG It is commonly believed in Hong Kong that women can achieve their goals by their enthusiasm and hard work. For this reason, Hong Kong women working at senior managerial positions tend to believe in personally designed strategies to cope up with the requirements of their workplace, homes and kids. Moreover, they believe in handling the situation of sex discrimination personally rather by confronting their superiors for the implementation of anti sex discrimination policies. They are no or little aware of a political agenda that can change their lives by bringing positive changes in institutionalization of their family status, by changing the organizational culture and state policies. Maggie, Emmy and Anna informed the researcher that they do not get time for socialization. Anna informed that in Chinese culture, home is considered as a private place so majority of Chinese do not believe in inviting friends at home unless they are very close to them because they think that it will ruin their privacy. Majority of Hong Kong women trust extended family members to take care of their children but this scenario may result in increased problems for them in future. Mobility of labor force has increased due to globalization. Two of the three interviewees are not originally Hong Kong based. A steady rise has been observed in the number of women managers on the mainland. Due to intensification of globalization, less stability is expected in support from the extended family members in Hong Kong. The traditional heterosexual family system in Hong Kong has been changed and different forms of family structure have appeared. The concept of extended family members was possible in a heterosexual family only. So, this concept does not seem to be valid with the new family structure as single-parent families are becoming common. As the concept of extended family is diminishing, women who prefer to grow in their career would seem to have no children. if primary importance will continue to be given to husband’s career, and wife’s role will be continued as a support to her husband than her husband has been to her, then there are great chances for a large number of career oriented women to remain single. When women will have to work hard and design personalized strategies to cope up with the work-family stress then a large number of women will stop marrying. Thus, number of never-married women will increase in Hong Kong. CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION Push and pull tensions are found among Hong Kong women managers. At one side, the traditional Chinese culture is still dominated in Hong Kong that makes women responsible primarily for their housework and men are considered as bread-winners. Women are expected to bring up and take care of children and other family members. So this traditional Chinese culture does not seem supportive for a woman to dream of getting success in organizations besides performing her domestic duties. At another side, women in Hong Kong that have earned higher degrees are attracted towards handsomely paid jobs due to the realistic approach of capitalism in Hong Kong. Successful women managers in Hong Kong are rewarded. Organizations search for never-married women who are ready to work on the pre-decided terms of men. So it is a common belief in Hong Kong that if women are good they can get success in organizations. If women are very good at setting personalized agenda to balance their work-family stress then they would be successful. But the researcher is not happy with these conditions. The researcher suggests that women should be encouraged and supported by society and organizations. They should be given support to get a balanced life. Organizations should implement strategies to promote anti discrimination policies. Women and family friendly policies should be encouraged in organizations. This means that there is a need to redefine the role of women at home and in organizations. They should be given equal opportunities like men and be promoted to higher positions as per their skills. Appendix A. Letter sent to the Participants of the Interviews Dear Participants, Thank you for agreeing to do this interview and participate in my Masters investigation. This letter is to inform you all related to the interview, to establish your ethical rights and my responsibilities, as well as to provide some information prior to the interview. My intention is to do an investigation to explore whether a bamboo-ceiling exists in the career pathway of Hong Kong women managers. I am currently interviewing women managers that are working in a male dominating environment to find out whether these women managers face any obstacles in order to achieve the purpose of my study. The data will be collected via interviews, which will last one hour and one hour and a half. During the interview you have the right to refuse to answer a question or a set of questions. The participant’s identities will be remained as confidential at all stages, during and after the research. Expected benefits of participation will be the opportunity to contribute knowledge to a largely under researched area and the obtained findings will be used for academic purposes only, so the access to the collected data will be permitted for university lectures and library use only. Thank you once again for your cooperation. Yours sincerely, [Your name] [Your degree] [Your university] Table 1: Ratio of Women Managers in Hong Kong, % Year Proportion, % 1994 17. 5 1995 19. 4 1996 19. 6 1997 19. 9 1998 21. 5 1999 21. 9 2000 24. 2 2001 25. 4 2002 25. 7 Source: Hong Kong Government, 2003b: 57. Table 2: Distribution of Managers by Industry and Gender Table 3: No. of Males and Females Never-Married Aged 15 and Over Source: Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Table 4: No. of Never-Married Employed Males and Females by Occupation, 2001. Source: Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. Table 5: Main Employment, Female-Male Ratio, Median Monthly Income, Marital Status, Age Source: Census and Statistics Department, Hong Kong Government. References Babcock, L. Laschever, S. 2003. Women Don’t Ask: Negotiation and the Gender Divide (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press). Berg, B. , 2004. Qualitative Research Methods for the Social Sciences. International Student Edition. Boston: Pearson Education, Inc. Blaxter, L. , Hughes, C. and Tight, M. , 2001. How to research. 2nd ed. Buckingham: Open University Press. Bryman, A. , 2004. Social Research Methods. 2nd ed. Oxford: Prentice-Hall. Chan, D. K. S. , Tang, K. S. -K. Chan, W. 1999. Sexual harassment: a preliminary analysis of its effects on Hong Kong Chinese women in the workplace and academia, Psychology of Women Quarterly, 23(4), pp. 661–672. Chow, I. H. 1995. Career aspirations, attitudes and experiences of female managers in Hong Kong, Women in Management Review, 10(1), pp. 28–32. Collinson, D. L. , Knights, D. Collinson, M. 1990. Managing to Discriminate (London: Routledge). Collis, J. , and Hussey, R. , 2003. Business Research: A practical guide for undergraduate and postgraduate students. 2nd Ed. New York: Palgrave McMillan. Creswell, J. , 1994. Research Design: Quantitative and Qualitative Approaches. 1st ed. London: Sage Publications. Crystal, G. 2003. Cracks appear in glass ceiling numbers, South China Morning Post, 17 October, p. B22. Denscombe, M. , 2002. Ground Rules for Good Research. A 10 point guide for social researchers. 1st ed. Buckingham: Open University Press. EOC. 1997. A Baseline Survey of Equal Opportunities on the Basis of Gender in Hong Kong 1996–1997 (Hong Kong: Equal Opportunities Commission). Fosh, P. , Ng, C. , Snape, E. Westwood, R. 1999. Hong Kong at the end of the twentieth century: management and labour trends, in: P. Fosh, A. W. Chan, W. W. S. Chow, E. Snape R. Westwood (Eds) Hong Kong Management and Labour: Change and Continuity, pp. 3–24 (London: Routledge). Ghauri, P. and Gronhaug, K. , 2002. Research Methods in Business Studies. A practical guide. 2nd ed. Essex: Pearson Education Limited. Ghauri, P. N. , Gronhaugh, K. and Kristianslund, I. , 1995. Research methods in business studies: a practical guide. 1st ed. London: Prentice-Hall. Gillham, B. , 2000. The Research Interview. 1st ed. London: Continuum. Hakim, C. 2003. Models of the Family in Modern Societies: Ideals and Realities (Aldershot: Ashgate). Hochschild, R. A. 1989. The Second Shift: Working Parents and the Revolution at Home (New York: Viking Penguin). Hong Kong Government 2004. Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women: Second Report on Hong Kong Special Administration Region (Hong Kong: Health, Food and Welfare Bureau). Hong Kong Government. 2001. 2001 Population Census: Main Report 1 (Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department). Hong Kong Government. 2002. Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics (Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department). Hong Kong Government. 2003a. Thematic Household Survey: Report No. 14 (Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department). Hong Kong Government. 2003b. Women and Men in Hong Kong: Key Statistics (Hong Kong: Census and Statistics Department). Jankowicz, A. , 2005. Business research projects. 4th ed. London: International Thomson Press. Javidan, M. House, R. J. 2001. Cultural acumen for the global manager: lessons from project GLOBE, Organizational Dynamics, 29(4), pp. 289–305. Kanter, R. M. 1977. Men and Women of the Corporation (New York: Basic Books). Kumar, R. , 1999. Research Methodology. A step-by-step guide for beginners. 1st ed. London: Sage Publications. Kvale, S. , 1996. Interviews, an Introduction to Qualitative Research Interviewing. 1st ed. London: Sage Publications. Law, N. 2003. HK women socially aware, but traditional at heart, South China Morning Post, 23 January, p. 6 Lee, H. 2004. Arming women with knowledge, South China Morning Post, 9 February, p. C4. Lee, K. 2003. Picture forms of cross-border workers, South China Morning Post, 9 May, p.A5. Lo, S. , Stone, R. Ng, C. W. 2003. Work–family conflict and coping strategies adopted by female married professionals in Hong Kong, Women in Management Review, 18(4), pp. 182–190. Mak, G. C. L. Chung, Y. -p. 1997. Education and labour force participation of women in Hong Kong, in: F. M. Cheung (Ed. ) Engendering Hong Kong Society: A Gender Perspective of Women’s Status, pp. 13–39 (Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press). Mak, G. C. L. 1992. The schooling of girls in Hong Kong: progress and contradictions in the transition, in: G. A. Postiglione (Ed.). Education and Society in Hong Kong, pp. 167–180 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press). Morrison, A. M. , White, R. P. Van Velsor, E. The Center for Creative Leadership. 1987. Breaking the Glass Ceiling (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley). Ng, C. W. Chiu, W. C. K. 2001. Managing equal opportunities for women: sorting the friends from the foes, Human Resource Management Journal, 11(1), pp. 75–88. Ng, C. W. Ng, E. G. H. 2002. The concept of state feminism and the case for Hong Kong, Asian Journal of Women’s Studies, 8(1), pp. 7–37. Ng, C. W. Pine, R. 2003. Women and men

Elements of Poetry and Essay Writing :: Education, Writing

I was surprised to find that I could use so many of the techniques that poets use in writing my own essays. For example, by choosing certain words, I can set the tone for the essay and demonstrate certain attitudes. Also, I can take advantage of several technical methods, such as abstractions, assonance, and figures of speech to make an essay more interesting. Further, I think it is important to try and understand the poets meaning behind their word choice. After analyzing the poems of John Donne, Anne Bradstreet, and Robert Frost, I will discuss how I think certain elements can be used in my own writing. Anne Bradstreet used words such as â€Å"loved†, â€Å"happy†, and â€Å"reward† to set a positive tone (963). The author’s attitude came across as grateful and appreciative. In contrast, Robert Frost chose to use words such as â€Å"perish†, â€Å"hate†, and â€Å"destruction†, which displayed a negative tone and attitude (1009). I never really gave this much consideration before, but I think I could use this technique in the future. By choosing the correct words, I can make sure the readers are interpreting my writing as I mean it to come across. I also discovered several technical methods that can be used in my essay writing. This is another area that I never really paid attention to. Sure, I have used some of them, but never knew what they were called or understood the full effect of them. Abstractions and several figures of speech were amongst some of the methods that were found. For example, â€Å"Batter my heart, three-personed God† (Doone 988), â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† (Bradstreet 963), and â€Å"Fire and Ice† (Frost 1009), abstractions were used. Abstractions are words that we use to describe something that has no concrete reality (Charters 787). For example, in Doone’s poem, the author used words such as â€Å"weak† and â€Å"untrue† (989). Bradstreet also used this technique by using the word â€Å"love† (963). And finally, Frost’s word choice was cleverly utilized with using â€Å"desire† and â€Å"hate† (1009). These are also considered examples of figurative speech in that they use simile or metaphor in describing the subject (Charters 795). I feel by taking advantage of some of these techniques, I can make my essays more interesting for readers. To add, I found several figures of speech techniques such as metonymy, apostrophe, hyperbole and symbols were used in Anne Bradstreet’s poem â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† (963).

A Barred Owl and the History Teacher Essay

  Ã¢â‚¬Å"A Barred Owl† vs. â€Å"The History Teacher† Essay and  analysis â€Å"A Barred Owl† by Richard Wilbur and â€Å"The History Teacher† by Billy Collins both have adults lying to children. A childish tone is given off in â€Å"A Barred Owl† that helps the reader relate to the child’s fear while an ironic and sarcastic tone is given off in â€Å"The History Teacher† to show how the teacher’s attempt to keep the kids innocent quickly turns the kids’ thoughts from innocent to ignorance. Literary devices used by the authors guide the reader into seeing the effects of the adults’ lies, despite their good intentions.The childish tone of â€Å"A Barred Owl† is kept through the constant rhyming in the poem like â€Å"boom†¦room† and â€Å"heard†¦bird†. The rhyming combined with the childish tone helps put the reader in the frame of mind of the child and how the child thinks. When the owl makes noise, the parents say it’s the owl asking â€Å"Who cooks for you? â⠂¬  The child will think of her parents each time the owl makes noise, hereby deterring the child’s immense fear of the owl outside her window. The lies given off accommodate with the childish tone and help the reader look at the fear from the child’s point of view. The History Teacher† has the ironic and sarcastic tone that shows the teacher’s lack of an actual lesson. Each lesson the teacher gives, he wants to â€Å"protect his students’ innocence†. The lessons, which are presented as metaphors, contribute to the ironic and sarcastic due to the fact that the serious lessons are compared to trivial things that in no way relate to the actual topic. Even the teacher is affected by the irony and sarcasm as he walks home and sees the â€Å"flower beds and white picket fences† as confirmation that everything is perfect in the world.Again, the teacher compares something small to something bigger that he assumes. Danger presents itself in à ¢â‚¬Å"A Barred Owl† and adds a darker/dangerous tone. The combination of the dangerous tone and the childish tone, which is continued through the rhyming, shows the child’s point of view of the outside night. Although the child was comforted by her parents, she is still frighten she is and shows that she needs to be protected. In â€Å"The History Teacher†, after the lessons taught by the teacher, the children â€Å"leave his classroom for the playground to torment the weak and the smart†.This shows how the teacher isn’t teaching any real lessons for the children to learn from and use in life and shows the continuity of the ironic and sarcastic tone. The poems â€Å"A Barred Owl† by Richard Wilbur and â€Å"The History Teacher† by Billy Collins each show adults lying to children. Using different literary devices in each poem, both authors demonstrate the effects of the children being lied to. â€Å"A Barred Owl† relates the auth or to the child’s fear in the childish tone given off while â€Å"The History Teacher† gives an ironic and sarcastic tone to show the children’s innocence turn to ignorance.

The Use of Phi, Golden Numbers and Fibonacci Numbers in Architecture from Antiquity

MT Chapter2: The usage of Phi, Golden Numbers and Fibonacci Numbers in Architecture from Antiquity This chapter will look at the history and application of usage, throughout Ancient Times, of the Golden Numbers, such as Phi, the Fibonacci Sequence. It will analyze the different topographic points that they were used, by the ancients and their grounds for utilizing these mathematical systems. Doczi, 1981, examines the significance of Golden Numbers to different peoples throughout history. He pays specific attending to Proportional Harmonies, within architecture. reference1a In Wiltshire, England, around an estimated YEARSAGO, SH mention an astoundingly unbelievable memorial was built. Believed to be a calendar, of kinds ; a topographic point of religious and spiritual significance ; or perchance a compass, this construction possesses geometry affecting Golden Numbers excessively. reference1a One of the other first recorded utilizations, of these peculiar figure systems, can be traced back to the early yearss of Freemasonry and the architecture of their Masonic Temple, in PLACE. The Freemasons call themselves a Brotherhood ; and Masonic Halls and Lodges can be found all over the universe. On a corner rock of the Masonic Hall in Halifax, Canada, it can be seen that two different day of the months are inscribed upon one of the corner-stones. These two day of the months, 1875, and 5875, seem to propose that the Masons believe that their society dates back every bit far as 4000bce. reference1 In Manly P. Hall, 1973, he discusses the evident likely-hood that the Ancient Egyptians had the most knowledge about the scientific disciplines of nature. Hall goes on to state us that Steinmetz, 1976, provinces: â€Å" Regardless of the beginning of the modern Lodge, or of the name â€Å" Freemason, † we can, after liberating the symbolism of modern versions, discern in Freemasonry the lineation of the instructions of the ancient enigmas of Egypt. † mention Manly P. Hall Freemasonry of the Ancient Egyptians A statement by Past Provincial Grand Registrar, W.L. Wilmshurst in â€Å" The Meaning of Masonry † , 1922, reads: â€Å" I am acquainted, for case, with an Egyptian ceremony system, some 5,000 old ages old, which taught exactly the same things as Masonry does, †¦ † cite The Meaning of Masonry, by Past Provincial Grand Registrar, W.L. Wilmshurst This shows us that Freemasonry was a portion of Ancient Egyptian civilization and besides shows that these accomplishments and â€Å" Secret Knowledge † have been passed down from ascendants, 1000s of old ages ago. Investigating Steinmetz, shows us that the Masons are taught that their secret-knowledge has been passed down by generation-after-generation of their brotherhood ‘s members since the clip of the, legendary as yet unfound sunken, metropolis of Atlantis. mention Freemasonry Its Hidden Meaning, by George H. Steinmetz Arpat, 2004, discusses the usage of these Golden Numbers and sequences in architecture throughout both the Islamic, Ottoman and Christian Empires. Besides he draws loop to the fact that the really same rules and techniques are still used in architecture today. reference1 In 1861 a certain Mr. William Preston, past maestro of the Lodge of Antiquity, wrote â€Å" Instruction manuals of Masonry † . In this book he draws attending to the significance and significance of geometry, to the George masons: â€Å" Geometry or Masonry originally synonymous footings, is of a Godhead and moral nature and enriched with the most utile cognition: whilst is proves the fantastic belongingss of nature, it demonstrates the more of import truth of morality. † reference2 This grounds shows that geometry and the Golden Numbers are per se linked with spiritualty, faith and morality, for many different civilizations. Today, the Masons continue to up-hold their belief that the architectural techniques and methods that they teach to their Members should be kept as a reverent secret from the general populace. It is no accident that their most important and recognizable insignia has a missive â€Å" G † as its cardinal characteristic. It can be seen that a capital â€Å" G † has a similar form as the Fibonacci Spiral. reference1 A really old book, Leader Scott ‘s 1899 issue of â€Å" The Cathedral Builders † , clarifies portion of the ground that the Freemasons had such an influential consequence upon the edifice of churches, throughout history. He describes how a peculiar group of people known as â€Å" Liberi Muratori † , who lived near Como, Italy around 643ce were formed. Once this cabal began to turn in Numberss, they were sent out, across the universe, to learn, construct and enroll new members. They shortly became a big and organized society of designers, sculpturers, and professionals of humanistic disciplines and trades. This proliferation of their joint cognition bled into every group of society that they came upon. Scott goes on to depict that there were edicts from the Catholic Church, in Rome, to protect any members of the Freemasons ‘ Brotherhood, in any Catholic state that they might be in. These apostolic bulls besides allowed the Masons to work, without competition from local rivals, in their several field of expertness. This left control of architecture design, of churches, entirely to the Masons who ever followed the set forms, rules, and sequences which were laid down before them, by their hereditary Mason brothers. mention â€Å" The Cathedral Builders † Further grounds of important geometric forms can be found in Islamic Mosques, all over the universe. One of the most notable illustrations of this is the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul. This monumental construction was built, between 532ce – 537ce, in what was so known as Constantinople. Byzantine Emperor, Justinian the Great commissioned Anthemius of Tralles and the Elder Isidore of Miletus, who hailed from Western Anatolia, to construct this construction as a Church. reference1 These two figures were non known as designers, instead, Isidore was referred to as a Professor of Geometry and Mechanics, whilst Anthemius was thought of as a Mathematician and a Physicist. The common term that was used for their place, as builders of this memorial, was â€Å" mechanikoi † . hypertext transfer protocol: //www.hagiasophia.com/listingview.php? listingID=6 Anthemius was left to plan and bring forth the architectural drawings of this church, whilst Isidorus was in charge of the existent building of the edifice. It is interesting to observe that although the Hagia Sophia was built as a church, in the sixth century Ce, today it is used as a museum, but for about five hundred old ages, after the Ottoman Empire conquered Constantinople, it served as a mosque, for the so Islamic officeholders. The Faculty of Architecture of the Technical University of Istanbul holds a papers drawn up by a Azinasi BaAYeAYmez, in which he includes exact programs of the Hagia Sophia. With the aid of his helper, Ahmet Alptekin, he was able to detect that Phi had been explicitly used through-out the whole design of the Hagia Sophia. reference1 The figure below, shows an illustration of these geometrical forms, which have been used, in the interior infinite of the Hagia Sophia. Diagram1 This illustration of ancient architecture demonstrates the usage of Golden Numbers, within edifice building, absolutely. Another first-class illustration of this is the Mosque of Rum Mehmet PaAYa. This sacredly important construction is besides found in Istanbul. Constructed around 1471ce the Grecian builder besides appears to hold used the same unit of length, as was used in the design and building of the Haga Sophia. This â€Å" Byzantine Foot † would now, in today ‘s universe, be seen as being 31.23centimetres long. It was divided into 16 â€Å" Fingers † and a metallic rod of this length, believed to hold been used by Azinasi BaAYeAYmez, and besides before him the Ottomans, has been preserved in the TopkapA ± Museum of Istanbul. Arpat, 2004, describes how with his helper, he measured the precise dimensions of the Mosque of Rum Mehmet PaAYas ‘ exterior breadth of the Mosque ( without porch ) , the thickness of the walls, the doors and the country around the main-entrance. With these measurings he was able to demo that, one time once more, the Golden Ratio and the Fibonacci Spiral had been major factors involved with bring forthing the architecture of the full edifice. reference1 Diagrams2 In Greece itself, the most good known edifice in Athens is the Parthenon. This testament to the inventiveness of the Ancient Greeks is yet another illustration of where the Golden Ratio is used repeatedly, in about all facets of its design. Built around 440ce, Pythagorean Geometry, every bit good as the Fibonacci Sequence can be seen to hold been utilised in the nucleus of its architectural design. reference4 Feuilles de Delphes, Topografi et Architecture Releves et Restaurations par K. Gottlob, Paris 1925, holds the ground-plans for the Parthenon, Rodos discusses these programs in his book, The Secret of Ancient Geometry and its Use ( Vol. 2, 1967 ) analyses these programs and describes the prolific usage of these sequences, in the design of the Parthenon ‘s ground-plan. reference5 The front-facade of the Parthenon besides displays many charactistics, which use the Golden Ratio. The diagram below shows this: reference6 Diagram3 In England, Golden Numbers can be found in the architecture of many churches. One illustration of this is Vere Street Anglican Church, London. Built in 1721, architects AyAYe and Nigel Walding from Derby, fastidiously measured every dimension of the church. Arpat, in his 2004 book, sets down the process that AyAYe and Nigel would hold used to make this:Draw line AB = 636 † ( 1615.122cm )Pull a line AC = 4/3 tens ABPull a half circle around BC and a perpendicular from A until D.AD == 734.39 † ( =1865 centimeter ; Diff. 1cm )Pull a half circle A withR= AD until intersection E. AE = 734.39 †Extend AE by 1/5, grade point F.Pull a half circle around AF, grade intersection G ;EG == 328.429 † This is the breadth of the cardinal nave ( = 834.05cm )Divide the interior length in five equal subdivisions ; these are the breadth of the bays:734.392 / 5 = 146.878 † , mark point H.Halve the cardinal nave, grade point K ; HK = 164.215 †Extend HK by 5/7 tens HK, grade point L.Pull a half circle around LK and a perpendicular from H until intersection M.Draw an discharge around H withR= HM until intersection N.HN = HM = EG == 138.787 † ( = 352.75cm ) This is the breadth of the side naves. The interior breadth of the church is: 2 ten 138.787 † + 328.429 † = 606 † , as measured ( 1538.94cm ) reference1 The diagram below should be used as a mention for the instructions, quoted above.Diagram4 This subject of Christians utilizing Golden Numbers, in architecture, can besides be seen in St. Johannes Basilica, in Catholic Berlin, Germany. This illustration was built in 1897 by designer August Menken, who was besides involved with the building of some of the other of import churches, in Berlin. Once once more it is mostly in the land floor program, that the Fibonacci Sequence can be found. Diagram5 It can besides be shown that the radius of the handbill wall behind the communion table, and the relationship between the communion table, the columns and doors to the street, all involve the Golden Ratio. Diagram6 It is widely understood that architectural techniques have been passed down through coevalss, and dispersed through other civilizations, by trade paths as they appeared in the Middle Ages. Equally good as this, the spread of Freemasonry and other spiritual cabals has contributed greatly to the addition in similar methods of architecture, in different parts of the World. Originally, it seems that, the forms and designs used were created utilizing nature as inspiration. In the modern universe of scientific discipline we are able to more closely, and more accurately, examine nature ‘s artifacts, and it has been seen that these specific figure sequences ( like the Fibonacci Spiral ) can be found about everyplace. reference7 Knocks, H. and Arch, M. ( 2007 ) discourse the findings of the Ancient Greek Thinker, Plato. Plato describes different sets of proportions, stating: â€Å" the three-term proportion as indispensable cognition, the cognition through which the head is able to grok the universe. † reference8 Plato claimed that utilizing the methods to happen the mean of a three-term proportion, such as a/b = b/c, ( which is most normally used by designers ) , an apprehension of the Torahs that govern the creative activity of all things can be formed. A two-term proportion can be expressed as: As shown antecedently, in this papers, this is the Aureate Proportion. reference9 These Golden Numbers, sequences and forms are likely most noticeable in sacredly important edifices because big architectural undertakings have, more frequently than non, been commissioned by spiritual groups. Religions have, historically, possessed the largest sum of financess for such projects. It is common cognition that faiths have many secrets, in order to protect their cognition of the universe, they would merely let certain people to go toilet to facets, such as their architectural techniques and methods. Religion has ever been the pillar for the guidelines and regulations, of different societies. Taxes upon the general population, connected with a peculiar spiritual edifice, were common in yearss gone-by. Both in the signifier of offerings to divinities, and payments for ( as Christians might state ) â€Å" shepherding their flock † , goods, money and nutrient points were, and still are, normally given to these spiritual ‘benefactors ‘ . This is how the Church and other spiritual cultural leaders harnessed the largest sums of power and money, in whole lands and across continents. Ancient Grecian times seem to be an exclusion. It has been documented that here, most of the â€Å" Thinkers † , in Ancient Greece, focused their attendings upon mathematics and lay-down our first Torahs, instructions and regulations, which govern the universes of scientific discipline, technology and the existence. These early Mathematicians and Structural Engineers were largely taught at UNIVERSITY NAME, in Egypt, where they were able to analyze many edifices which were already 1000s of old ages old. reference10 Noteworthy Greek Thinker, and Mathematician, Pythagoras, was taught in many Egyptian Temples, like NameOfTemple. He was besides a Mason and so when he returned home, it was prohibited for him to relay the secret direction that he had been taught in Egypt, to anyone else. Pythagoras taught along different avenues of geometry and instructed â€Å" non-initiated Grecian pupils † in this new methodological analysis. reference11 Schwaller de Lubicz, in his 1981 publication, was able to animate the attack that Pythagoras used in using his geometric methods to architecture. These two tomes, The Temple of Man, discuss Pythagorean Theorems in great item, nevertheless they do non dig profoundly into the â€Å" Lost Knowledge of the Ancient Egyptians † it is necessary to analyze other resources to derive this information. mention â€Å" The Temple of Man † . It is widely recognised that the Christian Bible has been translated many times, from and into many different linguistic communications. Translations can seldom be exact and the significance of certain phrases is frequently lost during transition, from one linguistic communication into another. One illustration of this is at the beginning of the Gospel of St John, in the King James Version, 1611. This book, of the Bible, starts with the line: reference9 â€Å" In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and Word was God. † mention King James Bible, Gospel of Saint John As Knocks and Arch, 2007, explain: â€Å" The transcriber, working in the clip of King James, chose to utilizewordfor the Greek ‘logos ‘ .Sonsimplies an active rule and would be more accurately translated as ‘verb ‘ . What, so, is the word, or verb, of which St John has written? Harmonizing to the anthropocosmic apprehension, it can merely be the fantastic transforming power of Phi ( ? ¤ ) , the Golden Proportion. † reference9